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	<title>Artepreistorica.com &#187; Megalithism</title>
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		<title>THE MARK OF CASSIOPEIA CONSTELLATION ON THE PROMONTORY OF CAPRIONE (LERICI, LIGURIA, NORTHERN ITALY)</title>
		<link>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/the-mark-of-cassiopeia-constellation-on-the-promontory-of-caprione-lerici-liguria-northern-italy/</link>
		<comments>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/the-mark-of-cassiopeia-constellation-on-the-promontory-of-caprione-lerici-liguria-northern-italy/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Dec 2009 10:52:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Enrico-Calzolari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Megalithism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[caprione]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cassiopeia]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Sommario Sul Caprione si rinvengono cinque luoghi sacri megalitici, posizionati secondo la figura della Costellazione di Cassiopea. Per comprendere il limitato, ad oggi, fenomeno megalitico ligure sono state presentate le risultanze delle analisi geologiche compiute sul promontorio. Il fenomeno megalitico così analizzato deve essere inteso nel senso letterale del termine, cioè come utilizzo da parte [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Sommario<br />
Sul Caprione si rinvengono cinque luoghi sacri megalitici, posizionati secondo la figura della Costellazione di Cassiopea. Per comprendere il limitato, ad oggi, fenomeno megalitico ligure sono state presentate le risultanze delle analisi geologiche compiute sul promontorio. Il fenomeno megalitico così analizzato deve essere inteso nel senso letterale del termine, cioè come utilizzo da parte dell’uomo di grandi pietre, e non come “religione delle sepolture multiple in dolmen”. L’eventuale datazione di reperti di paleo-astronomia può essere fatta ricorrendo a calcoli computerizzati effettuati con programmi che consentono di ricostruire con sufficiente precisione scenari astronomici vecchi di 10 000 anni.</em><span><em>This paper would like to be the starting point to try understand the &#8221;megalithic culture&#8221; in eastern Liguria, especially since there is a lack of archaeological findings owing to the relatively recent interest to this subject.</em></span></p>
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INTRODUCTION</strong><em><br />
</em>Some years ago, while studying the morphology of Oscan and Celtic toponyms on the Caprione (Fig 1, in the background the snow-covered Apuane&#8221;s Alps), the most eastern promontory of the Liguria Riviera (Fig. 2) (Oscan etymology kaprum = scapegoat) we have discovered five holy megalithic (literal meaning = big stones) places, not reciprocally visible.</p>
<p>Using holism we performed geological analyses to demonstrate the presence of human work on creating these megalithic structures (E. Calzolari &amp; D. Gori, 1999) although these analyses cannot be used as a specific dating test they do show that there has been no recent anthropological action.</p>
<p>We have checked that the megalithic places are located near faults, fractures, dolines, and ancient water springs.<br />
While studying connections between geology and geobiology, we have laid out the five holy megalithic places in a Nautical Chart (I.I.M., 1995) and in some Regional Technical Maps (1:5 000) and used G.P.S. (Global Positioning System) coordinates to verify that they are located according to the Cassiopea Constellation (Fig. 3).</p>
<p>In Egyptian hieroglyphics, Cassiopeia&#8221;s constellation mark is a water symbol (Gimbutas M., 1990; Petrioli E., 1996) and geological analyses have put in evidence a large quantity of karst forms, referable to a lot of emerging sources that, in the past, gushed out on the Caprione.</p>
<p>The hypothesis of a large abundance of water has been confirmed by various paleoclimatic studies that show how the temperature of the water surface was, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, between 6 000 B.C. and 2 500 B.C., 2° &#8211; 3° C lower than in previous period (8 000 B.C. &#8211; 6 000 B.C.) .This provides for a cycle of cooler and damper summers, characterized by very abundant precipitations (Kallen N. et alii, 1997; Zonneveld Karin A.F., 1996).</p>
<p><span><strong>THE SHAMANIC INTERPRETATION</strong><br />
The first shamanism&#8221;s point is that the human spirits in the sky-constellation, that are called &#8221;generating-constellation&#8221;; after the life on the Earth, the human spirits return to those &#8221;generating-constellation&#8221;.<br />
During this voyage to return to the &#8221;generating-constellation&#8221;, the spirits are bird, butterfly or bee shaped; this fact is called &#8221;embodiment of the principle of Transformation&#8221; (Streep P., 1994).</span></p>
<p>In Asian populations (Mongolia) it&#8221;s still in force the religious belief that spirits, before becoming incarnate, are born near a constellation, to which they will return after death (Rappenglück M., 1998). The constellation of the Great Bear, among the Mongols, usually called the constellation of the Seven Old Men, was also invoked as a god of destiny (W. Heissig, 1969).</p>
<p>For the Buriati people this role is done by Pleiads (De Toffol D. &amp; Bellatalla D. , 1997; Kalweit H. , 1996) while for Egyptians this role was performed by Orion. For the Celtic people of the Iron age, Orion was the spirit generating constellation, while for the Sami population of Lapponia, Perseus and Cassiopeia formed the image of the sacred elk, a shamanic &#8211; totem archetype (Gaspani A. 1998).</p>
<p>The Australian tribe of Wotjoballuk used the Cruxconstellation (Di Cesare V., 1996) while the Maya used Saggitarius (Harris J.N., 1998).<br />
The Cassiopea Costellation evidently performed a similar function for the people of Caprione (Fig. 4 A today&#8221;s constellation at the beginning of the nautical twilight, in San Lorenzo site)</p>
<p><strong>SITE DESCRIPTION</strong><br />
<em>Site N. 1 CANAA GRANDA</em><br />
In this site there is a cylindrical phallic structure (Fig. 5), characterized from the presence on the summit of seven &#8221;cup-marks&#8221;, with that central greatest. The petrographic analysis (Chiari R.) has allowed to establish that this rock (Dolomia Saccaroide &#8211; Portovenere&#8221;s Unit) is made up by coarse-medium Dolomite (62-1 000 micron) from sub-euedral to sub-planar, with &#8221;saddle&#8221; crystals (up to cm ½) with displacive dedolomitization. These &#8221;cup-marks&#8221; would seem, at sight, karst microformes (natural origin) but the extraordinary circular symmetry of this system, not found in the surrounding rocks, leans for a natural-anthropic mixed form.</p>
<p><em>Site N. 2 SAN LORENZO</em><br />
In the San Lorenzo&#8221;s site, at summer solstice sunset, the sun light produces, through a Quadrilithon opening (Fig. 6), a &#8221;gilded butterfly&#8221; image (Fig. 7). The Quadrilithon is a Trilithon evolution (trilithon = three stones characterized by two vertical elements and a lintel, that in this structure is made as a lozenge) completed by a stone placed across the lower space between the upright stones. The bright phenomenon appeares from 20:15 (Az. 295.7° &#8211; El. 7.6° &#8211; GUIDE 7.0.) to 20:35 (Az. 299.1° &#8211; El. 4.4° &#8211; GUIDE 7.0.) Summer time.</p>
<p>The computerized elaboration of the sunset&#8221;s trajectory to the summer&#8221;s solstice (Fig. 8, chart generated with Guide 7.0 Star Chart and subsequently modified), applied to the geographical coordinates of San Lorenzo&#8221;s site; the red circles represent today&#8221;s summer solstice sunset&#8221;s trajectory while the yellow circles represent 5 000 B.C. (temporal reference to the terracotta figurine of Passo di Corvo, to see below) summer solstice sunset&#8221;s trajectory.<br />
The heights are perfectly compatible with forming some phenomenon, that happened with a small delay with respect to today&#8221;s (+ 5 minutes).</p>
<p>Marija Gimbutas had interpreted the &#8221;butterfly like the soul that transmigrates&#8221; toward the generating-constellation (Gimbutas M., 1990) and &#8221;holds that the butterfly is the embodiment of the principle of Transformation&#8221; (Streep P., 1994). The same meaning is recognized in the &#8221;Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft fur vergleichende Felsbildforschung -1985/1986&#8221; in which we may read: &#8221;Gegeneinander gestellte dreiecke konnen auch fur die wiedergeburt, hier an der sonnwendlinie fur auf und untergang des jahres empfunden werden&#8221; (two opposite triangles may also be known as rebirth sign, here for the alignments of the sun at the solstitial sunrise and sunset).</p>
<p>In the Grecian language the word Psyché means the human soul and in the Grecian Dionysian myth Psyché is represented as a girl with butterfly wings, which loves Love, symbolized by the Sun! The syncretism present in the Grecian language is proof of a more ancient tradition.</p>
<p><span>In Mexico they use to design a red butterfly on the back of the dead (Eve Ewing, personal communication in La Laguna, 1999) and in the Sonora Desert it is like &#8221;guardian angel&#8221;. The symbol of the butterfly is also presente in Chile, in the Mapuché people (Carlos Gonzalez Vargas, 1999). In South Italy the little white butterflies are considered the souls leaving Purgatory (Romeo Frigiola, personal communication, 1998).</span></p>
<p>For the Celtic people of Ireland and France the human souls were embodied in the butterflies (Cattabiani A., 1998).<br />
It&#8221;s interesting to notice like the symbols of the butterfly and the M of Cassiopea are also present in the most ancient runic alphabet, found on runes with literary function, known like Elder Futhark; the &#8221;M&#8221; of Cassiopea is represented by the rune Ehwaz (function of metaphysical transport and power) and the butterfly is represented by the rune Dagaz (the day, the light that returns after the darkness, here the rebirth) [Tarahill -&gt; v. risorse ].</p>
<p>The Cassiopea mark and the butterfly double-symbology is found in a &#8221;terracotta&#8221; figurine (cm 6,5 x 2; Fig. 9, from M. Gimbutas &#8211; 1990 ) recovered in Passo di Corvo (Foggia, Daunia, South-Italy) the greatest village of European Neolithic period (Tiné S., 1983).<br />
This statuette, dated 5 300 B.C. &#8211; 5 700 B.C., represents a female figure with half-open eyes, in an altered conscience condition (contemplation, ecstasy?). The afore-mentioned symbols are under both breasts. In this statuette in hieratic attitude (Tiné S., 1983) you can observe like nostrils are marked by two small holes, one of which preserves red pigment traces (Tiné S., 1983).</p>
<p>The before-mentioned author suspects that other parts have been coloured, but he doesn&#8221;t produce the consequent hypothesis, and the most coherent in this contest, that the red pits were the blood that came down from the shamanic woman&#8221;s nose while in a trance-like condition (Solomon A., 1997).<br />
An ulterior confirmation to this hypothesis can be deduced by the Cavillon Grotto&#8221;s Tomb excavations, near Grimaldi (Imperia &#8211; Ligurian Riviera) where a statuette has been recovered which is characterized by an ochre filled furrow (cm 18 long) that departed from the nose till the mouth (Leroi-Gourhan A.,1970). Professor Tiné notices butterflies and he recognizes like the statuette may represent a divinity, perhaps the Mother Goddess, or that it was consecrated to her, but he assimilates the zigzag marks to grass snakes (non poisonous).</p>
<p>In front of Caprione there are Apuane&#8221;s Alps, and in Mount Sagro (latin etym. sacrum = holy) there is a mark of Cassiopeia made by five cupellas near Vergheto village (Fig. 10) (etym.= verga, the shepperd staff).The geographic area in which the Caprione promontory and the Apuane&#8221;s Alps are, is called Lunigiana, after the ancient Roman town of Luni.<br />
This exceptional coincidence strengthens identities that Lunigiana and Daunia show either in toponomy research or in female statue-stele presence (Gimbutas M., 1990).</p>
<p><em>Site N. 3 BRANZI</em><br />
Next to the Campo de Già doline we have found a great ara (cm 320 long, cm 220 wide and cm 60 of thickness) lozenge shaped and broken in three parts; it&#8221;s above an inside hollow cylindrical shaped base (cm 80 of thickness) characterized by two symmetrical passer-by holes. This structure appears enigmatic in function and origin.<br />
The petrographic analysis (Chiari R.) has allowed us to establish that this structure is made up of:<br />
Ara&#8221;s Base: medium Dolomite (62-250 micron), euedral/sub-planar. Normal (meteoric) dedolomitization along the fractures and on pressolution paragenesis (Chlorite-quartz-Pirrotite) = Dolomia Saccaroide (Portovenere&#8221;s Unit).</p>
<p>Ara&#8221;s Table: coarse Dolomite (250-1 000 micron), euedral/planar, clear, luminescent. No dedolomitization.<br />
The Base is made up by Dolomia saccaroide (rock outcropping on the Caprione) while the Table litotype don&#8221;t have characteristics found in other promontory outcropping and probably it has an extra-Caprione origin.</p>
<p><em>Site N. 4 CATTAFOSSI</em><br />
This site is located on high ground and it&#8221;s circumscribed by a primitive stone wall (italian word &#8221;muretti a secco&#8221;); there are two probable accesses (both on the north side) the lower one is characterized by a ramp. The area is characterized by many terraces and by some transversal walls that seem to form zones destined for specific activities.</p>
<p><span>Inside this area there are two cobhan (Fig.11) (Celtic etymology = rounded and closed place) shaped buildings.</span></p>
<p><em>Site N. 5 COMBARA</em><br />
This site is located next to the splendid seafaring village of Tellaro.<br />
From inside Combara&#8221;s Grotto one can see the winter solstice&#8221;s sunset (azimuth 236°). (fig. 12)<br />
Besides the solstitial phenomenon, in another grotto it&#8221;s possible to observe the Gorgona island (Az. 182°).<br />
From outside the alignment between a gnomon and a particular rock points to Elba island (Az. 70°). (Fig. 13)</p>
<p><em>THE CAPRIONE&#8221;S ALIGNMENTS. </em><br />
The Caprione&#8221;s sacred places are pointed toward many azimuths (Fig. 14), so as to find the solstice and equinox horizon phenomenons and providing further sacred warrants, because &#8221;orientatio is a procedure used to discover megalithic places&#8221; (Eliade M., 1976); moreover &#8221;Social and ritual space of central European Neolitich societies was carefully ordered and often incorporated astronomical alignments&#8230; [which] demonstrate that solar and lunar positions on the horizon were of great importance in defining the location and alignments of important structuring principles which introduce order in sacred and ritual space&#8230;&#8221; (Iwaniszewski S., 1997).</p>
<p><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><br />
What could be the functional significance of having the five sites positioned in such a manner? A hypothesis was proposed during an international congress: &#8221;&#8230;ancient societies could get knowledge and control of their territory by means of some kind of a former geodetic network, conceived as some basic reference frame for orientation of travellers&#8230;.The zodiacal signs appear to be almost some kind of universal former alphabet&#8230;&#8221; (Gregori L. &amp; G., 1995).</p>
<p>We appreciate this hypothesis of constellations used as prehistorical geographic networks, but we think that a sacral approach was towards constellations preceded it. The key to comprehending this must be sought in the female figure; in constellations configuration Cassiopeia is represented as a sitting woman, with a branch in hand, which is a female creativity symbol.</p>
<p>The Cassiopea&#8221;s layout of the sites could be understood in terms of a shamanic journey, with reference to a matriarchal society, the course could have been used to promote the spiritual growth of the community. In confirmation of this hypothesis you may read the records of San Marino&#8221;s Meeting : &#8221;Starting from an ipnagogic condition (not very difficult to reach) it&#8221;s possible to carry out an O.B.E. (Out-of-Body-Experiences); beginning from a shamanic journey (the shamanism, found in many world regions, has been exercised for 2 000 or 3 000 years) it should be possible to find an Old Wise man and other archetypes in the unconscious located&#8221; (Ellison A. , 1998).<br />
Was the Cassiopeia&#8221;s course made by a shamanic O.B.E. or &#8230;. ?<br />
Fig. 14<br />
Segment Canaa Granda &#8211; San Lorenzo<br />
Az. 87° = Vergheto Site<br />
Az. 267° = Madonna Mount &#8211; Tramonti Menhir<br />
Segment San Lorenzo &#8211; Branzi &#8211; Combara<br />
Az. 172° = Capanne Mount (Elba Island)<br />
Az. 352° = Molinatico Mount (Northern Apennines)<br />
Segment Canaa Granda &#8211; Branzi &#8211; Cattafossi<br />
Az. 120° &#8211; Az. 300° = Winter solstice&#8221;s rise and Summer solstice&#8221;s sunset approximate direction<br />
Segment Cattafossi &#8211; Combara<br />
Az. 204° = Grosso Mount (Corsica Island)<br />
Az. 24° = Losanna Mount (Northern Apennines)</p>
<p>The principal sites that form Cassiopeia&#8221;s image are:<br />
1) Canaa Granda<br />
Epsilon Cassiopeiae (Segin)</p>
<p>2) San Lorenzo<br />
Delta Cassiopeiae (Ruchbah)</p>
<p>3) Branzi<br />
(Oscan etym.= bram = the phallic stone)<br />
Gamma Cassiopeiae (Tsih)</p>
<p>4) Cattafossi<br />
(Italic etym. = catzum = the phallic stone)<br />
Alpha Cassiopeiae (Schedar)</p>
<p>5) Combara<br />
(Celtic etym.= coombe = a valley encloused, except one side, by mountains)<br />
Beta Cassiopeiae (Caph)</p>
<p>(ENRICO CALZOLARI)</p>
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		<title>FILITOSA: ALLINEAMENTO MEGALITICO EQUINOZIALE</title>
		<link>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico-equinoziale/</link>
		<comments>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico-equinoziale/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Dec 2009 10:48:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Enrico-Calzolari</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Megalithism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[equinozio]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[filitosa]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Enrico Calzolari presenta in anteprima per Artepreistorica.it un suggestivo allineamento astronomico al tramonto equinoziale, formato da due megaliti di Filitosa in Corsica. Le belle immagini parlano chiaro e rivelano un sostrato cultuale corso ancora tutto da scoprire. Filitosa è anche sede di ritrovamento intenso di statue-menhir e statue-stele, rese note dagli studi del Grosjean, datate [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span><em>Enrico Calzolari presenta in anteprima per Artepreistorica.it un suggestivo allineamento astronomico al tramonto equinoziale, formato da due megaliti di Filitosa in Corsica. Le belle immagini parlano chiaro e rivelano un sostrato cultuale corso ancora tutto da scoprire. Filitosa è anche sede di ritrovamento intenso di statue-menhir e statue-stele, rese note dagli studi del Grosjean, datate tra 2600 e 1000 a.C., quindi parzialmente contemporanee della cosiddetta civiltà Torreana, 1600-1000. <span id="more-72"></span></em></span><span>
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-1Megaliteoccidentale_jpg.jpg" title="1- Il monumento centrale, Filitosa (Corsica). Il 'monumento centrale', a fianco del quale è posto il megalite vulviforme, che ha rivelato quindi una posizione tipica da osservatorio. Da notare che statue-menhir intere e frammentate, recuperate durante gli scav,i sono state collocate all'esterno del monumento senza alcun legame astronomico." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-2Megaliteulviforme_jpg.jpg" title="2- Megalite vulviforme, Filitosa (Corsica). Ponendosi al di là del megalite vulviforme, abbassandosi al livello più basso del costrutto, si può osservare il calare del sole, che va a collimare con la punta del grande megalite occidentale e con il crinale del monte. La fotografia è stata ripresa da occidente ed i crinali sullo sfondo sono il luogo dal quale sorge il sole equinoziale." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-3Tramontoequinoziale_jpg.jpg" title="3- Tramonto equinoziale, Filitosa (Corsica). Immagine delle perfetta collimazione fra il sole, il crinale del monte e la punta del grande megalite, visibile in secondo piano. Si noti la grande pregnanza simbolica fra il seggio vulviforme - immagine di nascita di vita - e il sole che scende per toccare la punta del grande megalite, sacralizzandone la portata semantica fallica." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-4Cunadelvulviforme_jpg.jpg" title="4- La cuna del vulviforme, Filitosa (Corsica). La bussola, inserita nella 'cuna ' del megalite vulviforme, indica 267° e ciò ha fornito lo spunto per una ipotesi di lavoro di possibile allineamento equinoziale. Si noti come la carta magnetica indichi che in questa parte del territorio le anomalie magnetiche siano debolissime (da 0 Nano-Tesla a 50 Nano-Tesla, positive). Si noti l'utilizzo di 'cuna', termine di derivazione sanscrita, dal verbo ''çva-yami''." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-5Monumeno entrale_jpg.jpg" title="5- Megalite occidentale Filitosa (Corsica). Il 'megalite occidentale', così come appare dal sito ove è posto il 'megalite vulviforme'. Si noti in alto, a sinistra, il piccolo corno ove il sole viene a combaciare al momento del tramonto equinoziale. Si noti come anche il profilo del monte combaci con esso." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-6Lecasette_jpg.jpg" title="6- Le casette, Filitosa (Corsica). Dietro il grande 'megalite occidentale' si notano le costruzioni con camere, corridoi, diverticoli e cavità, chiamate in gergo 'le casette'. I camminamenti sono orientati secondo le direzioni dei punti cardinali (concetto del 'templum')." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/filitosa-allineamento-megalitico/38-7CastellieriCorsica Meridionale_jpg.jpg" title="7- Carta dei Castellieri della Corsica meridionale. Dalla disposizione dei castellari della Corsica Meridionale appare la sovrapposizione fra i siti di collocazione di questi monumenti e la linea delle grandi faglie presenti nel territorio." class="shutterset_set_11" >
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Ancorché molti considerino Filitosa un sito spento e deteriorato &#8211; invero è avvenuta una ricollocazione di statue-menhir con criteri di tipo urbanistico &#8211; è emerso un bellissimo allineamento al tramonto equinoziale, formato con due specifici elementi megalitici.</span></p>
<p>Dopo una prima osservazione effettuata in Luglio, in occasione del congresso internazionale “Environnement et Identité en Méditerranée” (Corte – 3/5 luglio 2002) e la convinzione maturata (ipotesi di lavoro) di trovarsi di fronte ad un caso di paleo-astronomia (cioè di astronomia antica, da collocarsi prima della conoscenza della scrittura e quindi del numero) sono state fatte due osservazioni nei giorni 22 e 23<br />
Settembre, le quali hanno confermato l’avverarsi di una perfetta collimazione al tramonto equinoziale fra i seguenti elementi:</p>
<p>1) la sky-line del sito, formata dal crinale del monte che appare sullo sfondo, dietro il quale il sole tramonta;</p>
<p>2) un grande megalite, che appare modellato nella sommità con un angolo appuntito, definito nelle pubblicazioni “monumento cultuale occidentale” (S XIX ed S XX) ; (Foto 1)</p>
<p>3) un megalite modellato a forma di vulva, ponendosi dietro al quale si può osservare  l’esatta<br />
collimazione, al momento del tramonto. (Foto 2-3-4)<br />
L’allineamento è godibile dalla parte centrale e preminente del sito di Filitosa, accanto a quello viene presentato nelle pubblicazioni come “monumento centrale”(SIX) (Foto 5) e che può ora definirsi un “osservatorio”.</p>
<p>L’orientazione si verifica anche nelle più tarde costruzioni murarie chiamate “le casette” (Foto 6), che presentano corridoi e diverticoli, orientati secondo il “templum”, cioè lo spazio suddiviso dalle direzioni dei punti cardinali.<br />
Ulteriori ipotesi di lavoro sulla presenza di paleoastronomia in Filitosa sono in attesa di verifica.</p>
<p>Si deve considerare che l’allineamento scoperto è da considerarsi immutato fin dalla preistoria, perché i punti equinoziali dell’orizzonte non sono assolutamente mutati. Ben diversa è la realtà dei punti sostiziali, per i quali occorre introdurre una correzione, dovuta al fatto che attualmente l’arco diurno è leggermente più chiuso (il sole sorge dopo e tramonta prima, rispetto a momenti della preistoria). Dalla differenza rilevata è quindi possibile datare &#8211; con la paleo-astronomia &#8211; un monumento megalitico che risulti orientato ad uno dei solstizi.</p>
<p>(ENRICO CALZOLARI)</p>
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		<title>MEGALITHISM OF THE SOUTH-EAST ITALY, IN THE BRONZE AGE</title>
		<link>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/megalithism-of-the-south-east-italy-in-the-bronze-age/</link>
		<comments>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/megalithism-of-the-south-east-italy-in-the-bronze-age/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 16:28:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Maria Laura Leone</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Megalithism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bronze Age]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[south italy]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Apulia is the millennial bridge which always had to be crossed by peoples who were cultural witnesses of its important commercial and migratory traffic. During the Bronze Age had different funerary architectures with artificial small caves cut into the rock and important subterranean tombs some of which are still being discovered. These different customs reveal [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span><em>Apulia is the millennial bridge which always had to be crossed by peoples who were cultural witnesses of its important commercial and migratory traffic. During the Bronze Age had different funerary architectures with artificial small caves cut into the rock and important subterranean tombs some of which are still being discovered. These different customs reveal expansionistic and commercial movements, waves of merchant warriors, metal seekers all of whom, since the Eneolithic period, have continued to move through and stop along the wole peninsula.<span id="more-64"></span></em></span><span>
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			<a href="http://www.artepreistorica.com/wp-content/gallery/megalitismo-dolmenico/6._76.jpg" title="6. La Chianca dolmen (Bisceglie, Bari). Capstone m. 2,40x3,80; Barrow m. 7,50; H m. 1,80. (Leone) " class="shutterset_set_10" >
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Italian dolmenic architecture does not offer a clear picture of the populations which have represented it and it is still difficult accurately define its geographical diffusion within the peninsula and to precisly reconstruct its typological and cultural evolution. It is represented by diverse yet interlinked expressions, and by local cultures unevenly distributed across only five Italian regions: the Aosta Valley (to the north), Lazio and Sardinia (in the centre), Apulia (to the south east) and Sicily (to the south west).</span></p>
<p>There are a number of very different monuments in each of these regions (Fig. 1). Only Sardinia and Apulia have a large concentration of dolmens, the majority of which are without funerary equipment (Atzeni, 1981; Lilliu, 1967; Palumbo, 1956; Malagrinò, 1978). Very few tombs can be found on the sites of San Martin de Corlèans (Aosta), Pian Sultano at San Severa (Rome) and Monte Racello (Comiso) (Mezzena, 1981; Puglisi, 1954; Bernabò-Brea, 1958). The earliest chronological references are those of the Eneolithic period at Aosta and in Sardinia. In Lazio, Apulia, and Sicily, the references date back to the Apenninic and Castelluccio cultures (Bronze Age) (Biancofiore, 1979; Bernabò-Brea, 1958).</p>
<p>The existence of a dolmen type architecture in the south-east of Italy mainly in Apulia is already well known to archaeologists involved in the study of this phenomenon, but it is still little known in terms of its most recent evolutionary and chronological aspects and in the context of a Bronze Age idealogy and culture.</p>
<p>Many authors have regarded the dolmens as though they were peripheral brothers belonging to a large megalithic family which had extended across vast geographical areas.</p>
<p>These dolmens would have marked the route between the most important areas which have still not yet been accurately traced. At the very least, these dolmens would have represented a regional aspect which could be linked to the larger Western and Atlantic megalithism (Bernardini, 1977; Biancofiore, 1962; Joussaume, 1985; Mohen, 1985; Niel, 1972; Renfrew, 1976; Withouse, 1981).</p>
<p>How they came to be there has been discussed without definitively discovering the places of origin of these unknown &#8220;builder&#8221; peoples. However, their dolmens have not always been talked of as an interesting sepulchral expression of the Bronze Age, because up to around ten years ago their datings had been rather uncertain. Finally, today with the widening of research, and the perfecting of the typology of black buchero-like pottery we are beginning to reconsider the findings of old field work thereby gaining a better understanding of this megalithic aspect of the south-east region of Italy.</p>
<p>In the last ten years, funerary equipment which dates the dolmens back to the moment of transition between the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age are being highlighted. At the same time, typological developments in the funerary structures are being discovered and these help us to understand that the large long-barrows of Bari with their elliptic tumuli are really the earliest monuments in the centre of Apulia. Other signs of worship which are topographically connected with the dolmens are now being acknowledged (an altar, rocks with cupmarks, and anthropomorfic stones) and these are helping us to widen our former knowledge of megalithic Apulia between the Early and Late Bronze Age.</p>
<p><strong>Geographical distribution throughout Apulia.</strong><br />
The dolmens of Apulia are tipologically and geographically divided into two large and distinct areas. Along the Adriatic coast (on average about 5 km from the sea) the largest of long-barrows in the region can be found. These are situated between Trani and Fasano. Nearer to the the Ionian caost lies the vast necropolis of dolmenic tumuli of Masseria del Porto, Gioia del Colle to the south east, and the two dolemens of Statte near Taranto (First List) (Fig. 2).</p>
<p>On the Salento peninsula the most southerly part of the region, in the povince of Lecce, more commonly known as Terra d´Otranto, there is a reasonable number of small dolmens between Melendugno and Racale (Second List) (Fig. 3). These are the most diverse of all the other Apulian and Italian dolmens but are extremly similar to those found in Malta. There are no dolmens to be found between Taranto and Lecce. Although on the Gargano at Vieste, province of Foggia, there was once dolmen of Molinella which has since disappeared.</p>
<p><span>It can said that Bisceglie, Gioia del Colle and Terra d´Otranto represent three megalithic cultural moments each quite distinct from the other which may have been introduced by different peoples.</span></p>
<p>Two topographical characteristics are shared by the Apulia dolmens. The first is that they are found along the coast, on average about 5/6 km from the sea. They are situated on the lower terracings which go down to the coast along an imaginary line running along a large stretch of the Adriatic side (from Vieste to Castro). In origin, perhaps the Ionian side was also much richer but today this is represented only by the dolmens at Racale and Statte.</p>
<p>The most inland are the dolmens of those found at Gioia del Colle and Maglie. The second topographical characteristic of the Apulian dolmens is the fact that the direction of the opening of the monuments is always towards the sea: those of Bisceglie and Fasano face east, those of Gioia del Colle face south and those on the Salento peninsula face in more directions, but always towards the sea. It is as if these monuments wish to recall the importance of the sea as a natural element of transition and life.</p>
<p><strong>The long-barrows found in the area between Trani and Fasano.</strong><br />
Along the central Adriatic coast between Bisceglie, Corato, Giovinazzo and Fasano, it is possible to see six of the largest and most famous dolmens in Apulia which are of the long-barrows type (Figg. 5-6). Today barely their skeleton remains. The original elliptic tumulus which covered them no longer exists, the corridor is barely able to be reconstructed, and the equipment in the tombs have nearly all disappeared.</p>
<p>This geographical area is characterised by an homogeneus megalithic typology in which its dimensions, its location at 5 km from the sea and the opening of the dolmens towards the east, are constant factors. The part housing the tombs is made up of a lower chamber which extends fowards to form a sort of gallery. Generally speaking, the original dimensions were around 10 x 2,20 x 2 meters high and the tumulus must have been between 15 and 18 meteres. The original tumulus we can be found on the dolmens of Albarosa (Bisceglie) and San Silvestro (Giovinazzo). Inside the long-barrows at San Silvestro medioeval pottery has been discovered which perhaps belonged to desecrators from that time. This dolmen has retained six of its nine covering slab, which in itself is unusual if one consider that in the others only one upper slab belonging to the chamber has remained.</p>
<p>Archaeological finds have been made in nearly all the Bari dolmens examples but no one has ever found anything intact that would help to reconstruct these burial rituals. However, a few remains do indicate what the objects were that accompanied the 3depositions. In the dolmen La Chianca where most of the archaeological remains have been found the remains of an amber necklace, clay weights used in weaving, a small bronze disk, vases for ritual meals (perhaps one of the dead had been a woman) have been discovered (Biancofiore, 1979). No weapons have been found either here.</p>
<p>Human bones have been scattered along the whole of the gallery perhaps due to plundering. The discovery of an inhumed body, lying on its right side in the foetal position, in the chamber of La Chianca dolmen has led to the hypothesis that the gallery may have been used as a ossuary. The pottery from the Bari dolmens has been dated back to the Sub-Apenninic period by Biancofiore. However, there is plenty of evidence which helps us to consider the earliest datings which can be deduced by comparing the typology of these dolmens with the datings given to the necropoli at Masseria del Porto (Gioia del Colle).</p>
<p>The typology of the vases is characterised by Apenninic-like forms such as ladles with long handles, rounded twisted points and shaped like axes (Fig. 7, a, e). Two jugs found in the dolmens at La Chianca and Albarosa represent two different chronological moments set between the Apenninic and Sub-Apenninic periods, XVIII-XI centuries B.C. (Fig. 7, b, g).</p>
<p><strong>The tumuli dolmenic at Gioia del Colle</strong><br />
The area of Masseria del Porto to the south-east of Gioia del Colle represent the only necropolis which is rich in chronological evidence (Donvito, 1971; Striccoli, 1989). Here thirty three tumuli which are more or less intact, have been found and inside there are three different types of chambers or cists which were used for burials between the end of the Eneolithic period and the second Iron Age.</p>
<p><span>During the IV and III centuries B.C. ritual ceremonies took place on the tumuli.</span></p>
<p>Only two elleptic tumulus tombs exist and these are also the earliest (Graves: nn. 1 of Masseria della Madonna and Masseria San Benedetto). The others are either circular tumuli with a long-barrow, (Fig. 8), or simple small dolmens or cists (these last were for the burial of individuals and date back to the Iron Age). The first two types contain evidence of Bronze Age equipment and show clear signs of having been re-used (after the removal of the previous bodies, between XI and VI centuries B.C.). The dimensions of the elliptic tumulus tomb are a little smaller than those of the dolmens found in the Adriatic area. Generally speaking the other tumuli were between 10 and 8 meters, with chambers 5 by 3 meters long and 1,5 meters wide. The cists are 2 x 1 meters. They always lie north-south with the opening to the south towards the Ionian sea.</p>
<p>The two dolmens of Statte, which today are out their tumulus and lie abandoned, display the same typology of the gallery tomb (Statte Wood) and the small dolmen (Statte Valley) which is present at Masseria del Porto. It has bee ascertained that the opening of one of these tombs faces west. What is also interesting is that it is situated along the edge of a large valley. The tombs af Masseria del Porto are also generally found in elevated positions on rocky spurs that overlook the valley.</p>
<p><strong>The distribution of monuments across the Salento</strong><br />
Where Apulia becomes a peninsula surronded by the Ionian and Adriatic seas in the Salento region, there are thirteen small dolmens scattered across a vast geographical area enclosed by the municipalities of Melendugno to the north, Maglie at the centre, Otranto to the east, Cocumola and Racale to the south-west. The largest concentration is in the Adriatic area between Lecce and Castro. The area of Giurdignano holds the largest number of dolmens in the Salento with nerly eight examples, four of which can still be seen today (second list). In fact, at least thiry have been found over the last hundred years however around half of those have been wiped out (Palumbo, 1955; Malagrinò, 1978; Corsini, 1986). Megalithic Salento (or perhaps it could be more accurately described as mediolithic Salento) could be set into a framework of four cultural district: Melendugno, Maglie, Giurdignano and Racale.</p>
<p><strong>These district are distinguished by their typology and characteristic distribution.</strong><br />
Today these dolmens are represented by a small room which is variable and irregular in shape, generally subcircular an subquadrangular, covered by a capstone resting on five or seven small pilars which are between 0,70m and 1,30m high. There is virtually no trace of the corridor or tumulus, the floor is made of natural rock and the opening is along the longest side and, in the majority of cases, facing the sea (however this is not visible), (Figg. 9-10-11). In terms of length and planimetry their dimensions vary. The dolmens of Scusi, Chianca, Chiancuse, Grassi, Stabile, Monteculumbu, Campina and Torre Ospina are among the largest of the dolmens (maximum 4m). When viewed as a whole the dolmens of Salento can be set in the context of a unitarian production but are not of an homogeneous typology.</p>
<p>A particular characteristic of the dolmens of the Melendugno area at Giurdignano, which also can be compared with the Maltese dolmens, is the presence of cupmarks or a hole on the capstone. On the dolmen Scusi there are cupmarks and a 20cm groove which seems to form an anthropomorphic face (Fig. 12). There is a cupmark about 15m. wide and 20 cm. deep on the Placa dolmen of Melendugno. The dolmens Stabile and Sferracavalli have a long groove which runs along the perimeter edge before reaching a large concave groove. The groove or cupmarks is not at the exact centre of the upper capstone, which is always slightly tilted to one side. This factor leads us to think that the table, the tomb and the altar used for offerings and rituals served a dual purpose.</p>
<p>Due to the lack of tumulus and soil beneath the chambers of these small dolmenic tables we do not know what their original form was not what they were used for. By comparing them with their Maltese twins we can deduce that they housed a funerary urn which has since disappeared (Evans, 1956). In the surrounding areas finds have been made above ground.</p>
<p><span>The most recent archaeological references come to us from the remains of these settlements. One is in Adigrat Street, in the centre of Maglie (discovered during the restoration of a house) and at two other sites in the countryside to the south of Maglie towards Scorrano (Drago, 1954/55; Corsini, 1986) One of these is situated 100m from the dolmen La Chianca. The archaeological finds of burnt bones, small grindstones, flint instruments and pottery belonging to the Proto-Apenninic cultures, have been made.</span></p>
<p><strong>Other expressions of worship near the dolmens</strong><br />
Topographically close to the dolmens in the Salento and in the Bari region exist other archaeological expressions of a cultual type. Not far from the dolmens rise the menhirs in the form of square columns 3m high whose date remains a mystery because structurally they do not seem related to the dolmens (Ruta, 1986). Most of them have been moved to contemporary places of worship (Fig. 13). The same type of columns can also be found in Malta.</p>
<p>In a place called Strada Abazia in Bisceglie not far from the dolmens of La Chianca, Frisari and Albarosa, I togeter with other collaborators have discovered a megalithic altar attached planimetrically to two rocks covered with cupmarks and rivulets (Figg. 14-15). Near to the rocks is an anthropomorphic stone similar to another recently discovered at Giurdignano (Lecce), by professor Anati and me, which is one of the richest of the meagalithic sites (Fig.16-17). At Strada Abazia Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age pottery has been recovered.</p>
<p>The anthropomorphic stone of the Salento can be found at Vicinanze 2, a few hundred meters from the dolmens of Stabile and Grassi. This stone (statue-stelae) has been inserted into a small wall near to a country crossroads and is easily visible. In front of it to the left is a menhir. On the land behind lies subterranean tomb which can be dated back to between the VI-III centuries B.C.. We are still uncertain about the dates of the two anthropomorfhic stones of Vicinanze and Abazia and up till now they are the only ones to have been found near the dolmens (Leone, 1997).</p>
<p>Other Eneolithic statue-stelae have been found in the north of Apulia at Sterparo (Castelluccio dei Sauri-Bovino) and at Tor di Lupo (Mattinata) in the province of Foggia (fig. 18, e, f) (Nava, 1988; Tunzi-Sisto, 1989). These have been dated back to the second half of the III° mill. B.C. based on the daggers incisions. In the province of Foggia no outstanding megalithic signs remain today. However, recently, a faint presence of true subogival menhirs (at Accadia and S. Agata, near to Bovino) which, having survived the disappearance of the Molinella dolmen (Vieste), indicate traces of a local megalithism which has now virtually disappeared (Tunzi-Sisto, 1992).</p>
<p>I believe it is also important to consider another topographical coincidence which is that of the relative proximity of areas to anthropomorphic stelae to areas with dolmens and megalithis in Italy. Stelae, which are more or less contemporary with the dolmens, can be found in each of the five region. At Aosta there is an important sacred area dedicated to worship, with dolmenic graves connected with stelae alignments. There is one stelae located between Vado all´Arancio (Grosseto). Monteracello is near to the necropoli of Castelluccio di Noto, where two stones with stylised anthropomorphic figures originate and these served as doors to the tombs. Stelae and dolmens can be found oround Laconi, in Sardinia (fig. 18). In Malta there are also monuments which show stone evidence with anthropomorphic motifs, like stelae (Mezzena, 1981; Atzeni, 1979/80; Graziosi, 1973; Landau, 1977; Gimbutas, 1989).</p>
<p>Apulia is the millennial bridge which always had to be crossed by peoples who were cultural witnesses of its important commercial and migratory traffic. During the Bronze Age had different funerary architectures with artificial small caves cut into the rock and important subterranean tombs some of which are still being discovered. These different customs reveal expansionistic and commercial movements, waves of merchant warriors, metal seekers all of whom, since the Eneolithic period, have continued to move through and stop along the wole peninsula.</p>
<p>The places where dolmens are to be found, could today represent those faint evidence of important geographical junctions for commercial traffic between the III° and II° mill.</p>
<p><span>B.C.. Infact there are also places where the sea must have played a relevant role when we consider where these dolmens were situated; it is still not possible to say axactly in wath direction these movements went but certainly they did not move in one direction only. There are elements which support the hypotesis that there was a confluence of two or perhaps more megalithic routes. It is most probable that one of these originated in Malta.</span></p>
<p>It is likely that an important wave moved from the north west across central Italy. But other groups must have arrived via the Ionian and Adriatic seas. Both Dalmatia and the Maltese archipelago are easily accessible from Apulia. Furthermore, the Maltese dolmens would have been the earliest of those in Salento dating back to between 2400 and 1500 B.C. (Tarxien Cemetery period). In conclusion, more megalithic cultural routes have touched the south-east of Italy which, due to its geographical formation, would have bolcked them and allowed them to mature there for more than a thousand years.</p>
<p><strong>First List</strong><br />
Dolmen   MOLINELLA (Prov.  Foggia: Vieste) = destroyed</p>
<p>“         SANTERAMO (Prov. Bari: Trani) = destroyed</p>
<p>“        FRISARI          (Prov.  Bari: Bisceglie)</p>
<p>“        ALBAROSA     (Prov. Bari: Bisceglie)</p>
<p>“        LA CHIANCA (Prov. Bari: Bisceglie)</p>
<p>“        GIANO                (Prov. Bari: Bisceglie) = destroyed</p>
<p>“        COLONNELLE – PALADINI (Prov. Bari: Corato)</p>
<p>“         SAN SILVESTRO  (Prov. Bari: Giovinazzo)</p>
<p>Necropoli di  MASSERIA DEL PORTO (Prov. Bari: Gioia del Colle</p>
<p>- Murgia S. Francesco     Graves I/III e VI</p>
<p>- Murgia Giovinazzi Graves I/V</p>
<p>- Murgia S. Benedetto     Graves I/VIII</p>
<p>-  Masseria della Madonna  Graves I/V</p>
<p>- Masseria S. Benedetto     Graves I/II</p>
<p>Dolmen    LEUCASPIDE &#8211; S.GIOVANNI  (Prov. Taranto: Statte Bosco)</p>
<p>Dolmen    ACCETTULLA                           (Prov. Taranto: Statte Valle)</p>
<p>Dolmen   CISTERNINO – MONTALBANO (Prov. Brindisi: Fasano)</p>
<p><strong>Second List  (Province of Lecce)</strong></p>
<p>Dolmen      PLACA                     (District   Melendugno)</p>
<p>“            GURGULANTE         (   “        Melendugno)</p>
<p>“            COLARESTA            (    “        Melendugno) = destroyed</p>
<p>“             POZZELLE              (     “      Zollino)</p>
<p>“            MASS. BARROTTA   (    “    Corigliano)</p>
<p>“             SPECCHIA                  (    “      Melpignano)</p>
<p>“             CHIANCA                   (     “      Maglie)    = destroyed</p>
<p>“             CANALI                       (     “     Maglie)     = destroyed</p>
<p>“             MUNTURRUNE           (     “    Maglie)</p>
<p>“             GROTTA                      (      “    Maglie)</p>
<p>“              PINO                             (      “  Maglie)</p>
<p>“             CARAMAULI I            (      “   Maglie)</p>
<p>“             CARAMAULI II          (      “  Maglie)</p>
<p>“         STABILE &#8211; QUATTROMACINE    (   “    Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“        SFERRACAVALLI                          (   “    Giurdignano)  = destroyed</p>
<p>“        GRASSI                                           (   “    Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“       CAUDA                                          (   “     Giurdignano)    = destroyed</p>
<p>“       CHIANCUSE                                 (   “    Giurdignano)   = destroyed</p>
<p>“       PESCHIO                                       (   “    Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“      ORFINE                                          (   “    Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“       GRAVASCE                                    (   “   Giurdignano)    = destroyed</p>
<p>“        ORE                                                (   “  Giuggianello)</p>
<p>“        BELLISCHI                                    (    “   Sanarica)</p>
<p>“        SCUSI                                            (   “     Minervino)</p>
<p>“        COCUMOLA &#8211; MONTECULUMBU  (   “    Cocumola)   = destroyed</p>
<p>“       CAMPINE                                            (    “    Vaste)       =   destroyed</p>
<p>“        SGARRA I                                           (   “     di Castro)      = destroyed</p>
<p>“        SGARRA II                                          (   “     di Castro)      = destroyed</p>
<p>“         TORRE OSPINA                                 (   “    di Racale)</p>
<p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p>
<p>AA. <span>VV.</span></p>
<p>1995 – L’età el Bronzo lungo il versante adriatico pugliese.</p>
<p>Atti Seminario di Studi.  Bari 1995, TARAS XV, 2. a cura di F. Radina.</p>
<p>ANATI E., FRADKIN A.</p>
<p>1988  &#8211; Missione a Malta. (Jaca Book), Milano.</p>
<p>ARNAL J.</p>
<p>1976  &#8211; Les statues-menhirs, hommes et dieux. Toulouse.</p>
<p>ATZENI E.</p>
<p>1979/80-Menhirs antropomorfi e statue-menhirs della Sardegna.</p>
<p>&#8220;Ann. Mus. Civ. La Spezia&#8221;, Vol. 2 : 9-63.</p>
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<p>1964  &#8211; Architettura megalitica. &#8220;Arte Antica e Moderna&#8221;.</p>
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<p>1979  &#8211; L´età del Bronzo nella Puglia centro-settentrionale.</p>
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<p>1969  &#8211; Tombe dei Giganti nel sassarese. &#8220;Origini&#8221;, III.</p>
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<p>DONVITO A.</p>
<p>1971  &#8211; Dolmen e tombe a tumulo dolmenico a Masseria del Porto.</p>
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<p>1954/55- Specchie di Puglia. &#8220;Boll. Palet. It.&#8221;, n.s. IX :64.</p>
<p>EVANS J.D.</p>
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<p>1997	– Due nuove pietre antropomorfe in Puglia.</p>
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<p>1978  &#8211; Dolmen e menhir di Puglia. (Schena), Fasano.</p>
<p>MEZZENA F.</p>
<p>1981  &#8211; La Valle d´Aosta nella Preistoria e nella Protostoria.</p>
<p>&#8220;Archeologia in Val d´Aosta&#8221;, Ass. Turismo :15-60.</p>
<p>MICALELLA M.A.</p>
<p>1910  &#8211; Il dolmen di Vaste. &#8220;Apulia&#8221; vol. 1, n.4.</p>
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		<title>MEGALITISMO DOLMENICO DEL SUD-EST ITALIA NELL´ETA´ DEL BRONZO</title>
		<link>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/megalitismo-dolmenico-del-sud-est-italia-nell%c2%b4eta%c2%b4-del-bronzo/</link>
		<comments>http://www.artepreistorica.com/2009/12/megalitismo-dolmenico-del-sud-est-italia-nell%c2%b4eta%c2%b4-del-bronzo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 16:22:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Maria Laura Leone</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Megalithism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Megalitismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[puglia]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[La Puglia è un millenario ponte attraverso il quale si sono avvicendati traffici commerciali, passaggi migratori, attardato culture religiose e costumi funerari. E’ fra le poche regioni italiane ad avere un numero consistente di dolmen e manifestazioni antropomorfe su pietra, inerenti l’Età del Bronzo. Questo periodo, infatti è stato significativamente toccato da queste espressioni ma [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span><em>La Puglia è un millenario ponte attraverso il quale si sono avvicendati traffici commerciali, passaggi migratori, attardato culture religiose e costumi funerari. E’ fra le poche regioni italiane ad avere un numero consistente di dolmen e manifestazioni antropomorfe su pietra, inerenti l’Età del Bronzo. Questo periodo, infatti è stato significativamente toccato da queste espressioni ma le vecchie precisazioni cronologiche vanno aggiornate.</em></span></p>
<p><span> <em>(Già apparso in:<br />
Communication in Bronze Age Europe. The Museum of National Antiquities Studies 9, Stockolm 1999.<br />
Atti del Simposio Communication in Bronze Age Europe   a Marcus Wallenberg Symposium.<br />
Svoltosi il 7-10 Settembre del 1995 a Tanum, Bohuslän (Svezia)<br />
<span id="more-60"></span></em></span></p>
<p><span>
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L´esistenza di un´architettura di tipo dolmenico nel sud-est d´Italia, e quindi in Puglia, è nota da tempo agli studiosi del fenomeno. Sono, però, ancora poco noti alcuni dati sulla cronologia e sui nuovi ritrovamenti, specie quelli relazionati all’età del Bronzo. Più autori hanno trattato dei dolmen pugliesi come i fratelli periferici di una grande famiglia megalitica estesa su vaste porzioni geografiche, considerandoli esempi locali del grande megalitismo atlantico occidentale (Bernardini, 1977; Biancofiore, 1962; Joussaume, 1985; Mohen, 1985; Niel, 1972; Renfrew, 1976; Withouse, 1981). Si è parlato molto anche delle possibili rotte d’espansione, senza mai identificarle con esattezza.</span></p>
<p>Il megalitismo italiano, in genere, non ha ancora rivelato un quadro esauriente della civiltà che lo avrebbe rappresentato, della diffusione, dell’evoluzione strutturale e culturale. E’ distribuito a macchia in cinque regioni: Val d´Aosta, Lazio e Sardegna, Puglia e Sicilia (fig. 1 ), all’interno delle quali sono estremamente variabili sia l’intensità delle presenze che l’uniformità tipologica. Soltanto in Sardegna e in Puglia è sopravvissuta una larga concentrazione di dolmen, la maggiorparte dei quali, però, è pervenuta senza resti databili (Atzeni, 1981; Lilliu, 1967; Palumbo, 1956; Malagrinò, 1978). I riferimenti cronologici più antichi sono dell´ Eneolitico per Val d’Aosta e Sardegna, mentre Lazio, Puglia e Sicilia, occupano i periodi dell´Età del Bronzo con culture Appenninica e di Castelluccio, (Biancofiore, 1979; Bernabò-Brea, 1958).</p>
<p>Per via delle incerte datazioni ricavate in passato, i dolmen pugliesi non sono mai stati trattati come un’espressione sepolcrale propria dell´età del Bronzo ma oggi grazie all´avanzare delle ricerche, la scoperta di nuove necropoli dolmeniche ed il perfezionamento delle tipologie delle ceramiche scure o nere buccheroidi, si va riconsiderando i reperti dei vecchi scavi e ridefinendo il megalitismo locale. Negli ultimi dieci anni sono stati individuati dei corredi funerari che retrocedono le datazioni alla fase di passsaggio tra Età del Rame e prima Età del Bronzo. Ugualmente, sono avanzati gli studi sulla tipologia strutturale dei grandi dolmen a galleria di Bari risultando i più antichi monumenti pugliesi. Oltre a tutto ciò si stanno ridefinendo, come parte del fenomeno in oggetto, quelle espressioni cultuali che hanno qualche attinenza topografica con i dolmen pur di periodi diversi: altari, pietre fitte, rocce con coppelle, stele antropomorfe.</p>
<p><strong>Distribuzione geografica</strong><br />
I dolmen della Puglia, tutt’ora visibili, occupano tre grandi aree geografiche tra la provincia di Bari, di Taranto e Lecce (Salento) (fig. 2 ), mentre in provincia di Foggia, a Vieste, si segnalava il Dolmen di Mulinello, poi scomparso. Sul versante adriatico tra Trani e Fasano ci sono i grandi dolmen a galleria, situati a circa 5 Km dal mare. Verso la costa ionica c’è la necropoli dei tumuli dolmenici di Masseria del Porto (a sud-est di Gioia del Colle) e i due dolmen di Statte (Taranto) (lista n.1). Nella penisola del Salento c´è una discreta quantità di piccoli dolmen tra Melendugno e Racale (fig. 3)(lista n. 2).</p>
<p>Si può dire che i territori di Bari, Gioia del Colle e Lecce rappresentino tre fasi megalitiche ben distinte ma caratterizzate da due costanti, la collocazione dei monumenti nei pressi della costa e l´orientamento dell´apertura sempre rivolta al mare. Ad Est per quelli ubicati tra Bisceglie a Fasano, a Sud per quelli di Masseria di Gioia del Colle, in più direzioni ma sempre verso i due mari per quelli salentini (fig. 4).</p>
<p><strong>I dolmen a galleria  tra  Trani e Fasano</strong><br />
Lungo il versante adriatico centrale, tra Bisceglie, Corato, Giovinazzo e Fasano-Cisternino, è possibile vedere sei dei dolmen più grandi e conosciuti della Puglia, quelli del tipo long barrows o a galleria (figg.5,6). Oggi sono meno che uno scheletro, manca l´originario tumulo ellittico che li ricopriva, il corridoio è appena ricostruibile mentre i corredi e le sepolture sono quasi del tutto scomparsi. Non sono mai state trovate armi.</p>
<p><span>Siamo in un’area geografica caratterizzata da una tipologia megalitica omogenea che ha come costanti, dimensioni ed apertura verso Est. Il luogo per le sepolture era la camera di fondo, prolungata in avanti in modo da costituire una sorta di galleria.</span></p>
<p>In linea generale le dimensioni si aggiravano intorno ai m. 10&#215;2,20, con un’altezza di circa m. 2 ed il tumulo tra m. 15 e 18. E’ possibile avere un’idea del tumulo grazie al dolmen di Albarosa (Bisceglie), sopravvissuto in due tronconi separati, e a quello di San Silvestro (Giovinazzo), del quale si sono conservate anche sei delle nove lastre di copertura.</p>
<p>I ritrovamenti archeologici sono emersi in quasi tutti gli esemplari baresi ma così rari che non è possibile ricostruire puntualmente il rituale di sepoltura. Gli oggetti che accompagnavano le deposizioni del dolmen La Chianca (il più ricco di ritrovamenti) si riferiscono a qualche vago di collana in ambra, dei pesi per tessere, un piccolo disco di bronzo ed alcuni vasi rituali. (Biancofiore, 1979). Qui le ossa umane, tra cui quelle di una donna, erano distribuite disordinatamente lungo la galleria, come se fossero state sparpagliate, il ritrovamento di un inumato disteso sul fianco destro, in posizione fetale nella camera del dolmen, ha fatto ipotizzare una funzione di ossuario per la galleria.</p>
<p>Biancofiore inquadrò la ceramica dei dolmen baresi nell´ambito del Subappenninico, tuttavia la tipologia strutturale richiama datazioni più antiche con vasi dalle caratteristiche forme Appenniniche: attingitoi con alta ansa ad apici revoluti e a forma di ascia (fig.7 ). Due brocche recuperate nel dolmen La Chianca e Albarosa, rappresenterebberoo due diversi momenti cronologici tra Appenninico e Subappenninico, XVIII- XII sec. a.C. (figg.7 b,g) (Biancofiore, 1979).</p>
<p><strong>I  sepolcri a tumulo dolmenico di Gioia del Colle</strong><br />
L ‘area di Masseria del Porto, a sud-est di Gioia del Colle, è stata individuata da Francesco Preolorenzo, un instancabile esploratore di Bisceglie al quale si deve il merito di aver seganalato molte zone archeologiche di rilievo. Qui gli scavi hanno evidenziato l´unica grande necropoli con precisi elementi di datazione (Donvito, 1971; Striccoli, 1989). Sono stati individuati trentatre tumuli, più o meno intatti, caratterizzati da tre diversi tipi di camere o ciste sepolcrali datate tra la fine dell´Età del Rame e la seconda Età del Ferro (fino a giungere a IV-III sec. a.C. quando i tumuli furono oggetto di qualche rituale in superficie).</p>
<p>I due unici sepolcri a tumulo ellittico sono le tombe più antiche (Tombe n.1 di Masseria della Madonna e Masseria S. Benedetto). Le altre tombe sono a tumulo circolare con all’interno: dolmen a corridoio (fig.8 ), dolmen semplice a camera, piccola cista domenica. In quest’ultimo tipo i resti si riferiscono all´Eà del Ferro, mentre negli altri due tipi sono emerse tracce di corredi dell´Età del Bronzo e riutilizzi di VII e VI sec. a. C. Il riutilizzo avveniva sempre dopo aver tolto la deposizione precedente. Le dimensioni delle tombe a tumulo ellittico sono poco più piccole dei dolmen dell´area adriatica, generalmente gli altri tumuli sono tra m. 10 e m. 8, con camere lunghe dai m. 5 a m. 3, larghe m. 1,50. Le piccole ciste sono m. 2&#215;1. L’orientamento è sempre nord-sud, con apertura a sud, verso il mare Ionio.</p>
<p>I due dolmen di Statte, oggi senza tumulo ed in uno stato di abbandono totale, ripetono la tipologia della tomba a galleria (Statte Bosco), e della cista dolmenica (Statte Valle). Per uno dei due si è accertata l´apertura verso ovest ed una collocazione quasi sul bordo di una grande vallata. Anche i sepolcri di Masseria del Porto hanno una collocazione significativa su speroni rocciosi che guardano a valle.</p>
<p><strong>I dolmen del Salento</strong><br />
Nel Salento, dove la Puglia diventa una penisola circondata dai due mari, Ionio e Adriatico, vi sono tredici piccoli dolmen distribuiti nei quattro distretti principali di Melendugno, Maglie, Giurdignano e Racale, con massima concentrazione tra Lecce e Castro. Negli ultimi cento anni se ne erano scoperti una trentina ma oltre la metà è andata decimata per incuria e per dissossamento dei terreni agricoli (Palumbo, 1955; Malagrinò, 1978; Corsini, 1986); il territorio di Giurdignano originariamente con ben otto esemplari, ne ha conservati solo quattro (elenco n. 2).</p>
<p>Nell´insieme sono inquadrabili in una tipologia unitaria con differenze minime. <span>Si presentano come una piccola camera a pianta irregolare, generalmente subcircolare e subquadrangolare, con lastra di copertura grezza appoggiata su cinque o sette piccoli pilastri alti tra m. 0,70 e m. 1, 30. Manca qualsiasi traccia di corridoio o tumulo, il pavimento è sovente costituito dalla stessa roccia naturale e l´apertura è sul lato lungo, nella maggiorparte dei casi rivolta al mare (figg. 9, 10, 11).</span></p>
<p>Dimensioni e planimetria sono molto variabili, tra i dolmen più grandi (max m. 4) si includono i dolmen: Scusi, Chianca, Chiancuse, Grassi, Stabile, Monteculumbu, Campina, di Torre Ospina. Una particolarità dei dolmen delle aree di Melendugno e Giurdignano, ma che si rivela anche uno dei termini di analogia con i dolmen maltesi (Evans, 1956), è la presenza di una coppella o di un buco sulla lastra di copertura. Sul dolmen Scusi due coppelle ed un foro, del diamentro di 20 cm., sembrano comporre una faccia antropomorfa (fig.12). Sul dolmen Placa di Melendugno c´è una coppella di circa 15 cm. di diametro e 20 cm. di profondità. Sui dolmen Stabile e Sferracavalli è incisa una canaletta che corre lungo il bordo perimetrale fino a giungere in un incavo perpenticolare. Il foro o la coppella non sono perfettamente al centro della lastra superiore ma questa è quasi sempre inclinata su un lato, come se servisse a facilitare il percolamento di un liquido.</p>
<p>Per la mancanza del tumulo non possiamo ricostruire la forma originaria della struttura e, allo stesso modo, per carenza di contesto non possiamo precisarne la funzione ma, in analogia con i dolmen maltesi, è possibile che ospitassero un´urna funeraria. Dalle aree circostanti provengono alcuni ritrovamenti di superficie. Ossa bruciate, piccole macine, strumenti in selce e ceramica Protoappenninca e Subappennica, sono i resti di tre insediamenti di villaggio: uno in Via Adigrat dentro Maglie (scoperto durante i lavori di restauro di una casa) ed altri due nelle campagne a sud di Maglie, verso Scorrano (Drago, 1954/55; Corsini, 1986). Uno di questi è situato a cento metri dal dolmen Chianca.</p>
<p><strong>Altre espressioni di culto, vicino ai dolmen</strong><br />
Topograficamente vicino ad alcuni dolmen del Salento e del barese, sono state identificate delle espressioni dal probabile carattere cultuale. In alcuni casi si tratta di colonne squadrate, impropriamente chiamate menhir, alte fino a m. 3, la cui datazione è un grattacapo (Ruta, 1986). Infatti, non presentano alcuna indicazione culturale tranne i segni di un’intensa cristianizzazione operata con l’incisione di croci e crocette e la stessa ricollocazione presso edicole votive e chiese (fig.13). Strutturalmente non sembrano imparentati ai dolmen ma colonne dello stesso tipo sono presenti anche a Malta.</p>
<p>Sempre Francesco Prelorenzo, nel 1994, mi ha segnalato un sito inedito a Bisceglie, in località Strada Abbazia, non lontano dai dolmen La Chianca, Frisari e Albarosa, dove una sorta di ara megalitica era connessa a due rocce ricoperte di coppelle e rivoletti (fig. 14, 15) (Leone, 1997). I reperti di superficie sembrano riferirsi all’ Eneolitico e al Bronzo Antico. Nello stesso terreno ho individuato una pietra antropomorfa straordinariamente simile ad un´altra trovata nel 1992 a Giurdigano nel Salento, in località Vicinanze 2 (figg.16, 17). Questa è distante qualche centinaio di metri dai dolmen Stabile, Grassi e Chiancuse ed è inserita in un muretto a secco che costeggia un crocicchio, davanti ha una colonna- menhir e dietro un ipogeo d’età messapica (VI e III se. a.C.).</p>
<p>Le due pietre di Vicinanze ed Abbazia sono, finora, le sole ad essere nel comprensorio di territori dolmenici, al contrario delle altre statue-stele della regione (figg. 18 e,f) le quali provengono da ristrette aree oggi agricole di antica destinazione sacra: Salapia, Arpi, Sterparo di Castelluccio dei Sauri, Cavallino e Monte Saraceno (Nava, 1988; Tunzi, 1979a).</p>
<p>La relazione tra megaliti e pietre antropomorfe non è casuale. E’ ben noto il caso di S. Martin de Corleans di Aosta dove la compresenza tra stele antropomorfe e megaliti dolmenici è molto significativa. L’area di Laconi in Sardegna comprende stele e dolmen. Non ultime le due pietre-portello della necropoli di Castelluccio di Noto, decorate con figure antropomorfe stilizzate, non sono lontane da Monteracello (figg.18).</p>
<p>Come già accennato nella provincia di Foggia non si incontrano grandi espressioni megalitiche, tuttavia esistono menhir sub-ogivali ad Accadia e a S. <span>Agata, comuni del sub-appennino daunio non lontani da Castelluccio dei Sauri (Tunzi, 1992). E’ possibile che quest’area sia stata toccata da un megalitismo oggi scomparso, magari anche contemporaneo delle stele eneolitiche di Sterparo.</span></p>
<p>I popoli portatori delle statue-stele e dei dolmen percorressero rotte parallele nell’occidente europeo e la Puglia fu testimone dei questi traffici in questo punto di passaggio tra occidente ed oriente. Vi sono elementi per ipotizzare la confluenza pugliese di almeno due ondate megalitiche, una che interagiva con il Salento e i piccoli dolmen, l’altra con il Barese e i grandi dolmen a galleria.</p>
<p>La prima collegata a Sud/Ovest con l’area di influenza delle culture maltesi. I dolmen maltesi si datano fra 2400- 1500 a. C. (Tarxien Cemetery Culture) e Malta dista dal Capo di Leuca solo 540 Km. percorribili costa-costa tra Sicilia e Calabria. L’altra collegata con il Nord/Ovest e quindi con le zone di influenza del megalitismo sardo e d’oltralpe. In tale contesto i territori odierni occupati dai dolmen potrebbero rappresentare decisivi snodi migratori tra III e II mill. a.C., e quindi le sedi di una consuetudine sepolcrale attardata rispetto ai luoghi di provenienza.</p>
<p><strong>Elenco dei grandi dolmen con galleria e tumulo </strong><br />
Dolmen   MOLINELLA (Provincia di Foggia: Vieste) = scomparso</p>
<p>“         SANTERAMO (Provincia di Bari: Trani) = scomparso</p>
<p>“        FRISARI          (Provincia di Bari: Bisceglie)</p>
<p>“        ALBAROSA     (Provincia di Bari: Bisceglie)</p>
<p>“        LA CHIANCA (Provincia di Bari: Bisceglie)</p>
<p>“        GIANO                (Provincia di Bari: Bisceglie) = scomparso</p>
<p>“        COLONNELLE – PALADINI (Provincia di Bari: Corato)</p>
<p>“         SAN SILVESTRO  (Provincia di Bari: Giovinazzo)</p>
<p>Necropoli di  MASSERIA DEL PORTO (Provincia di Bari: Gioia del Colle</p>
<p>- Murgia S. Francesco     Tombe I/III e VI</p>
<p>- Murgia Giovinazzi        Tombe   I/V</p>
<p>- Murgia S. Benedetto     Tombe I/VIII</p>
<p>- Masseria della Madonna  Tombe I/V</p>
<p>- Masseria S. Benedetto     Tombe I/II</p>
<p>Dolmen    LEUCASPIDE &#8211; S.GIOVANNI  (Provincia di Taranto: Statte Bosco)</p>
<p>Dolmen    ACCETTULLA (Provincia di Taranto: Statte Valle)</p>
<p>Dolmen   CISTERNINO – MONTALBANO (Provincia di Brindisi: Fasano)</p>
<p><strong>Elenco dei piccoli dolmen del Salento (tutti in Provincia di Lecce)</strong></p>
<p>Dolmen      PLACA                     (Comune di  Melendugno)</p>
<p>“            GURGULANTE         (   “         di Melendugno)</p>
<p>“            COLARESTA            (    “        di  Melendugno) = scomparso</p>
<p>“             POZZELLE              (     “       di  Zollino)</p>
<p>“            MASS. BARROTTA   (    “      di Corigliano)</p>
<p>“             SPECCHIA                  (    “      di Melpignano)</p>
<p>“             CHIANCA                   (     “      di  Maglie)    = scomparso</p>
<p>“             CANALI                       (     “     di  Maglie)     = scomparso</p>
<p>“             MUNTURRUNE           (     “     di  Maglie)</p>
<p>“             GROTTA                      (      “     di  Maglie)</p>
<p>“              PINO                             (      “     di  Maglie)</p>
<p>“             CARAMAULI I            (      “     di  Maglie)</p>
<p>“             CARAMAULI II          (      “     di  Maglie)</p>
<p>“         STABILE &#8211; QUATTROMACINE    (   “     di Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“        SFERRACAVALLI                          (   “     di Giurdignano)  = scomparso</p>
<p>“        GRASSI                                           (   “     di Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“       CAUDA                                          (   “     di Giurdignano)    = scomparso</p>
<p>“       CHIANCUSE                                 (   “     di Giurdignano)   = scomparso</p>
<p>“       PESCHIO                                       (   “     di Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“      ORFINE                                          (   “     di Giurdignano)</p>
<p>“       GRAVASCE                                    (   “     di Giurdignano)    = scomparso</p>
<p>“        ORE                                                (   “     di Giuggianello)</p>
<p>“        BELLISCHI                                    (    “     di Sanarica)</p>
<p>“        SCUSI                                            (   “        di  Minervino)</p>
<p>“        COCUMOLA &#8211; MONTECULUMBU  (   “   di Cocumola)   = scomparso</p>
<p>“       CAMPINE                                            (    “    di Vaste)       = scomparso</p>
<p>“        SGARRA I                                           (   “     di Castro)      = scomparso</p>
<p>“        SGARRA II                                          (   “     di Castro)      = scomparso</p>
<p>“         TORRE OSPINA                                 (   “    di Racale)</p>
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