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LA STELE DI LERICI

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Il ritrovamento della stele di Lerici è molto importante perché rappresenta una tipologia insolita di un armamento complesso, di derivazione Halstattiana ed anche etrusca. Ascrivibile al VI secolo a.C., dobbiamo ritenere anche che Lerici doveva essere un punto di incontro fra le tradizioni provenienti dall’Austria e dalla Toscana. Su questo conviene il grande studioso francese Fernand Braudel nel suo studio sui porti del Mediterraneo. Per Lerici poteva anche essere passata la conoscenza della scrittura in caratteri etruschi, che si ritrova nella stele di Novà di Zignago (Val di Vara) conservata attualmente nel Museo di Pegli.[nggallery id=13]Il ritrovamento
Nell”estate del 1992 il lericino Francesco Ginocchio (dell”antica famiglia dei Zenochjis) scopriva nella parte di rimpetto del proprio pozzo di famiglia (due famiglie attingevano acqua nello stesso pozzo da due opposte finestre aperte nella cupola di protezione) una stele scolpita in arenaria, raffigurante un guerriero con una grande spada munita di fodero, elmo, due giavellotti, uno scudo rotondo e schinieri (o paragambe). L”autore dell”opera fu certamente un artigiano locale, così come locale doveva essere la materia prima, affiorante presso il Castello.
Ciò rende credibile un racconto di qualche anno fa, secondo cui qualcuno al Poggio avrebbe trovato una stele, non creduta tale e reimmersa in una fondazione.
Il ritrovamento delle stele è molto importante perché presenta una tipologia insolita di un armamento complesso, di derivazione Halstattiana (elmo a calotta, spada con manico ad antenne ricurve e fodero, due giavellotti) ed anche etrusca (piccolo scudo rotondo e schinieri).
Gli studiosi che hanno esaminato la stele concordano nel ritenerla ascrivibile al VI secolo a.C.; ciò sta a significare che a Lerici viveva una aristocrazia guerriera capace di utilizzare quanto di meglio la tecnica costruttiva poteva offrire, sia nelle armi da offesa sia nelle dotazioni di difesa.

Rilettura della storia di Lerici.
Lerici doveva essere quindi un punto di incontro fra le tradizioni provenienti dall”Austria e dalla Toscana e poteva quindi essere stato un mercato di scambio di tali prodotti, sia attraverso vie terrestri sia attraverso vie marittime. Su questo conviene il grande studioso francese Fernand Braudel nel suo studio sui porti del Mediterraneo.
Per Lerici poteva anche essere passata la conoscenza della scrittura in caratteri etruschi, che si ritrova nella stele di Novà di Zignago (Val di Vara) conservata attualmente nel Museo di Pegli, la prima statua stele ad essere ritrovata nel 1827 nella Valle del torrente Casserola (probabile etimologia italica da catzum + ara + Hola cioè luogo di culti della procreazione dedicati alla divinità osco-umbra Hola).
La presenza di una simile stele in Lerici garantisce la vitalità di un gruppo ligure in Val di Magra anche quando molti gruppi liguri erano stati ormai estromessi dai loro territori, come a Chiavari ed a Massarosa.

Le armi di tipo Halstatt ci garantiscono influenze commerciali attraverso quella che è l”attuale ”via del Brennero”, mentre lo scudo etrusco ci informa di influenze provenienti dalla pianura pisana.
Riappare, decisamente rafforzata, l”ipotesi di Lerici come approdo protostorico e preistorico. Ciò viene dedotto sia dalla presenza di un promontorio che difendeva la spiaggia dalla traversia e sia dalla presenza di acqua dolce sulla spiaggia. Si noti come la presenza di una ”aiguade”, cioè il luogo ove si poteva atterrare con le scialuppe per riempire i barili di acqua dolce, fosse riportato nelle carte di bordo sia della marineria francese sia della marineria inglese dei secoli XVIII e XIX.

Riappare credibile la famosa identificazione delle ”Stazioni Ericine”, cioè il luogo di rimessaggio invernale delle navi nel golfo, di cui scrive il Falconi:
S.C. LUNAE HETRUSCAE INCOLIS INQUILINISQ. POP. ROM. AMICITIAM B. M. A MARI AD ALPES AD MONTES LIGURUM AD FLUMEN APUAN. AGROS IMMU. COLERE VECTIGAL A VIATORIBUS EXIGERE PORTUS ERICINASQUE STATIONES HYEM. TENERE CONCESS. C. MENE. P. SEST. CONSS.
Secondo Ippolito Landinelli questa lapide era conservata a Luni, quindi passò nel Palazzo Mascardi di Sarzana, mentre un”altra copia era conservata a Roma nel Palazzo del Cardinale Montepulciano, in Via Giulia.
Prima di passare in mano ai Romani l”approdo dovrebbe essere passato in mano agli Etruschi, che, dopo aver fondato Genova, per riassestarsi dopo la sconfitta nella battaglia di Alalia (540 a.C.) non potevano tralasciare un ”sorgitore” così favorevole come Lerici, nella rotta dalla Toscana verso Genova.

La questione della Luni etrusca
Appare strana la posizione della cultura ufficiale ”locale” che nega la fase della presenza etrusca a Luni ed in Lunigiana.
La toponomastica ci garantisce del contrario, perché ci mostra la distribuzione della radice etrusca antion = confine, proprio ai confini della Lunigiana: Anzio di Framura, Antessio di Val di Vara, Antena di Val di Magra, nonché risolve i toponimi Zeri = giri rituali, sacrifici, Turano (Avenza e Fivizzano) da Turan = Venere etrusca e Velva = Voltumna, altra importante divinità etrusca (Val di Vara).

Ancora più probante appare il toponimo etrusco Pentema = cippo di confine, che è toponimo storico di Romito Magra, oltre che essere presente sopra a Genova, sul Monte Antola (si noti anche qui la concordanza della presenza delle due radici etrusche che significano confine e cippo di confine).
Volendo tralasciare l”apporto della toponomastica non si potrà però non tenere di conto delle fonti, in particolare di quanto scritto da Tito Livio nella ”Storia di Roma”, secondo cui l”ager lunensis Etruscorum antequam Ligurum fuerat (XLI, 13). Anche il Periplo del Pseudo-Scilace ce ne da conferma:
”La navigazione lungo questo territorio dal fiume Rodano fino ad ”Antion” dura quattro giorni e quattro notti…Dopo Antion abita la gente dei Tirreni fino alla città di Roma”.

Premesso che i Greci chiamavano Tyrrenòi gli Etruschi, è possibile ricostruire le suddette quattro giornate di navigazione fino all”estremo levante, presupponendo una navigazione di altura dall”ultimo approdo di Noli, lungo il parallelo, utilizzando come dromoni (voce greca per segnali ove dirigere la prua) le cime delle Alpi Apuane.
Le tratte di navigazione di altura dall”ultimo approdo di Noli, seguendo la costa, quindi, in altura fino ad Antion (Framura). Con una successiva giornata di navigazione si raggiungeva Capo Corso. I ritrovamenti archeologici confermano l”influsso etrusco nella costa fra Arno, Serchio e Magra e all”interno nelle valli dell”Enza e del Secchia. Lo stesso Pseudo-Scilace, dopo questi ritrovamenti, appare credibile quando afferma che in tre giorni si andava da Pisa a Spina (alle foci del Po).
E” sperabile che emerga la verità su questa questione, con qualche prossimo ritrovamento, che, tenendo conto dell”apporto degli inerti trasportati dal Magra (che sottraggono al mare circa un metro all”anno) dovrebbe avvenire nella zona di Ortonovo-Castelnuovo a circa due chilometri e mezzo dall”attuale linea di costa.
Ciò in ragione della legge di Ferrel, per cui l”acqua viene sempre sospinta, per effetto della rotazione terrestre, verso il promontorio del Caprione.

Articoli | Redazione | E-book

E. Calzolari: Stele Lerici

La questione della Luni etrusca
Appare strana la posizione della cultura ufficiale ”locale” che nega la fase della presenza etrusca a Luni ed in Lunigiana.
La toponomastica ci garantisce del contrario, perché ci mostra la distribuzione della radice etrusca antion = confine, proprio ai confini della Lunigiana: Anzio di Framura, Antessio di Val di Vara, Antena di Val di Magra, nonché risolve i toponimi Zeri = giri rituali, sacrifici, Turano (Avenza e Fivizzano) da Turan = Venere etrusca e Velva = Voltumna, altra importante divinità etrusca (Val di Vara).
Ancora più probante appare il toponimo etrusco Pentema = cippo di confine, che è toponimo storico di Romito Magra, oltre che essere presente sopra a Genova, sul Monte Antola (si noti anche qui la concordanza della presenza delle due radici etrusche che significano confine e cippo di confine).
Volendo tralasciare l”apporto della toponomastica non si potrà però non tenere di conto delle fonti, in particolare di quanto scritto da Tito Livio nella ”Storia di Roma”, secondo cui l”ager lunensis Etruscorum antequam Ligurum fuerat (XLI, 13). Anche il Periplo del Pseudo-Scilace ce ne da conferma:
”La navigazione lungo questo territorio dal fiume Rodano fino ad ”Antion” dura quattro giorni e quattro notti…Dopo Antion abita la gente dei Tirreni fino alla città di Roma”.

Premesso che i Greci chiamavano Tyrrenòi gli Etruschi, è possibile ricostruire le suddette quattro giornate di navigazione fino all”estremo levante, presupponendo una navigazione di altura dall”ultimo approdo di Noli, lungo il parallelo, utilizzando come dromoni (voce greca per segnali ove dirigere la prua) le cime delle Alpi Apuane.
Le tratte di navigazione di altura dall”ultimo approdo di Noli, seguendo la costa, quindi, in altura fino ad Antion (Framura). Con una successiva giornata di navigazione si raggiungeva Capo Corso. I ritrovamenti archeologici confermano l”influsso etrusco nella costa fra Arno, Serchio e Magra e all”interno nelle valli dell”Enza e del Secchia. Lo stesso Pseudo-Scilace, dopo questi ritrovamenti, appare credibile quando afferma che in tre giorni si andava da Pisa a Spina (alle foci del Po).
E” sperabile che emerga la verità su questa questione, con qualche prossimo ritrovamento, che, tenendo conto dell”apporto degli inerti trasportati dal Magra (che sottraggono al mare circa un metro all”anno) dovrebbe avvenire nella zona di Ortonovo-Castelnuovo a circa due chilometri e mezzo dall”attuale linea di costa.

Ciò in ragione della legge di Ferrel, per cui l”acqua viene sempre sospinta, per effetto della rotazione terrestre, verso il promontorio del Caprione.

La questione del Toponimo Lerici
Il ritrovamento di un reperto così importante, attribuito al VI secolo a.C., fa apparire non più credibile l”etimologia latina di Lerici da ilex e rende giustizia all”intuizione di Giacomo devoto per cui il nostro toponimo appare derivante dalla voce celto-iberica eruk, che pur significando egualmente l”albero sacro del leccio, ne nobilita l”origine in tempi più appropriati per la considerazione di siffatta sacralità.
Diviene ancora più credibile l”attribuzione della stessa radice al toponimo Erice di Sicilia, finora negato dalla cultura ufficiale, nonostante che Ellanico da Mitilene, nel VI secolo a.C. scrivesse che gli Elimi vennero tre generazioni prima della guerra di Troia dalla Liguria alla Sicilia.

La stele
La stele, dopo il restauro, è ritornata a Lerici, ma non più in Caposanto (toponimo di derivazione pisana, dal cimitero in cui era stata portata la terra di Terra santa) ma alle Catene, nella Villa Balbi-Monti, ove è visitabile dietro richiesta da farsi alla proprietaria ed alla Soprintendenza Archeologica di Genova.

(ENRICO CALZOLARI)

Discussion

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