Dopo la scoperta (nel 2005), altre polemiche circolano sulla grotta di Vilhonneur (Angoulême, Charente) le cui pitture e incisioni risalgono a circa 25.000 anni fa, epoca gravettiana. Dal dubbio iniziale sull’autenticità dei segni, si è passati alle polemiche sulla non attribuzione del premio per gli scopritori e per il proprietario del fondo. E non si tratta di poca cifra, considerando l’importanza del sito. Il suo valore è comunque più scientifico che turistico dal momento che vi sono delle deposizioni umane contemporanee all’arte, cosa insolita. Le manifestazioni grafiche sono piuttosto limitate; finora si contano solo un’impronta di mano in negativo (eccezionalmente eseguita con blu cobalto), dei punti rossi, delle incisioni non figurative e la rappresentazione di un volto ritenuto antropomorfo.
Proprio per quest’ultimo si potrebbe, piuttosto, pensare alla raffigurazione di un leone a causa di alcuni elementi somatici caratterizzanti questa specie: la forma generale di un viso dotato di una fronte breve e sfuggente, l’espansione del cranio in prossimità delle orbite, la mascella prolungata e il naso lungo e largo. Oltre a ciò, la parte inferiore del mento ospita una macchia di calcite che richiama puntualmente il tipico ciuffo bianco del mento del leone. Nel caso della testa di Vilhonneur la forma generale della roccia ha creato una cornice naturale che suggerisce anche l’idea di una criniera (tuttavia, secondo le rappresentazioni paleolitiche, i leoni maschi ne erano sprovvisti) oppure una capigliatura, in questo caso però il “viso umano” avrebbe un naso 
sproporzionato.
Raffigurare ciò che la roccia ha ispirato attraverso le sue forme, le sue asperità e le sue fratture è una consuetudine dell’arte rupestre. In effetti, quel che oggi vediamo è spesso il frutto di un’aggiunta operata col disegno che completava ciò che già esisteva, esattamente come a Vilhonneur. Talvolta quel che veniva interpretato e visto, a noi oggi sfugge poiché la nostra attenzione coglie il risultato finale e ciò che ci è più familiare o facile da vedere. In origine la scelta o l’ispirazione di questo o di quell’altro tema dipendeva dal condizionamento culturale, e proprio in ragione di ciò è ipotizzabile che la testa in questione richiami quella di un felino.
La rappresentazione dei felini, infatti, fu più frequente di quanto si creda nel Paleolitico Superiore ed anzi sembra essere stato un tema specifico legato alle zone più recondite delle grotte, dove sono stati maggiormente raffigurati. Altre volte l’immagine felina la troviamo ibrida intrecciata a quella umana, la statuetta antropo-zoomorfa di Höhlestein-Stadel (Bade-Wurtemberg) ne è l’esempio più conosciuto: <<…la relazione uomo-felino non è solo suggerita, come nei casi precedenti, ma prende una forma unitaria, il che ci pone di fronte a una concettualità che non si riduce alla somma di due nature, ma evoca una terza entità...>>(M. Meschiari, Archeologia delle Tenebre. L’archetipo del felino). Attualmente i leoni più noti e persino spettacolari sono quelli dipinti a grotta Chauvet, ma altri meno conosciuti e comunque suggestivi sono incisi su vari supporti come sulle pareti di alcune caverne ornate.
Un portrait ou la tête d’un félin?
Après sa découverte (en 2005), d’autres rumeurs circulent au sujet de la grotte de Vilhonneur (Angoulême, Charente) dont les peintures et incisions datent de l’époque gravettienne, il y a environ 25.000 ans. Des premiers doutes sur l’authenticité de l’art, on est passé aux polémiques sur le refus d’attribuer une récompense aux inventeurs et au propriétaire du terrain. Et il ne s’agit pas d‘une somme négligeable considérant l’importance du site. Dans tous les cas, sa valeur est plus scientifique que touristique à partir du moment où l’on y retrouve des sépultures humaines contemporaines à cet art, chose peu fréquente. Les témoignages graphiques y sont plutôt limités. Jusqu’à présent, on dénombre seulement l’emprunte d’une main en négatif (exceptionnellement réalisée avec du bleu cobalt), des points rouges, des incisions non figuratives et une représentation d’un portrait retenu comme anthropomorphe.
Ce dernier, particulièrement, ferait plutôt penser à la réplique d’un lion à cause de certains éléments somatiques proprement caractéristiques à cette espèce : la forme générale du visage dont le front est bref et fuyant, l’expansion du crâne en proximité des orbites, la mâchoire prolongée ainsi que le nez long et large. En plus de cela, la partie inférieure du menton abrite une tache de calcite qui rappelle exactement la typique touffe de poils blancs sur le menton des lions. Dans le cas de Vilhonneur, la forme générale de la roche a créé un encadrement naturel de la tête qui suggère l’idée d’une crinière (toutefois, selon les représentations paléolithiques, les lions mâles n’avaient pas de crinières) ou bien d’une chevelure ; mais dans ce cas, le visage « humain » aurait un nez exagérément disproportionné.
Représenter ce que la roche a inspiré à travers ses formes, ses aspérités et ses fractures est accoutumance dans l’art pariétal. En effet ce que nous voyions aujourd’hui est souvent le fruit d’une addition via le dessin opérée sur la paroi, servant à compléter ce qui existait déjà, comme à Vilhonneur. Parfois ce qui était interprété ou vu, nous échappe aujourd’hui parce que notre attention est focalisée sur le résultat final et ce qui est plus familier ou facile à voir. A l’origine, le choix ou l’inspiration pour tel ou tel thème dépendait du conditionnement culturel, et pour cette raison justement, il est envisageable que la tête en question soit celle d’un félin.
Effectivement, la représentation des félins au Paléolithique Supérieur était plus courante qu’on ne le pense et cela semble même avoir été un thème spécifique dont la signification était liée aux zones les plus reculées des grottes, où ils ont été majoritairement représentés. D’autres fois, on retrouve le symbole félin agencé à celui de l’homme, générant ainsi un hybride dont la statuette anthropo-zoomorphe de Höhlestein-Stadel (Bade-Wurtemberg) est l’exemple le plus représentatif. Actuellement, les lions les plus notoires et surprenants sont ceux de la grotte de Chauvet, toutefois certains moins connus, mais toujours aussi singuliers, sont présents dans les profondeurs de différentes cavernes ornées.
Maria Laura Leone
(Febbraio 2010, traduction par Stefania Zeoli)
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